Thyroid Disorders

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. It is most commonly caused by Hashimoto thyroiditis (autoimmune destruction). This can slow down the body’s metabolism and cause symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, and feeling cold. Diagnosis is based on elevated thyrotropin (TSH) and low free thyroxine (T4). It is usually treated with daily thyroid hormone replacement medication.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. It is most often due to Graves disease (autoimmune stimulation), toxic nodules, or thyroiditis. This speeds up the body’s metabolism and can cause weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, and heat intolerance. Diagnosis is confirmed by suppressed TSH and elevated T3/T4.  Treatment options may include medication, radioactive iodine, or surgery.

Goiter
A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland. It may be caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune thyroid disease, or other thyroid problems. Goiters can sometimes be seen as a swelling in the neck. Evaluation includes thyroid function tests and an ultrasound. Treatment depends on the cause and whether the goiter is causing compressive symptoms (e.g., difficulty swallowing).

Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are growths or lumps in the thyroid gland and can be detected in up to 65% of adults. Most nodules are not cancerous and may not cause symptoms. Nodules are usually checked with an ultrasound, and sometimes a biopsy is done to rule out cancer. Management ranges from no intervention to observation to surgery, based on malignancy risk and symptoms.

Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the thyroid gland. Most thyroid cancers are slow-growing and highly treatable with an excellent prognosis. Most cases are asymptomatic and found incidentally. Diagnosis relies on ultrasound and biopsy. Treatment is usually surgical, with radioactive iodine for select cases.